North Korea - US Relations: Kim Jong Il to Kim Jong Un by Ramon Pacheco Pardo
Author:Ramon Pacheco Pardo [Pardo, Ramon Pacheco]
Language: eng
Format: epub
Tags: Political Science, General
ISBN: 9780429522918
Google: JbutDwAAQBAJ
Goodreads: 52483386
Publisher: Routledge
Published: 2019-09-04T00:00:00+00:00
North Korean behaviour to achieve its goals
Nuclear, missile and other brinkmanship
Following its third nuclear test, North Korea continued to engage in brinkmanship. With regard to nuclear brinkmanship, the General Department of Atomic Energy of the DPRK announced the re-opening of the Yongbyon nuclear complex in April 2013 (KCNA 2013i). This came only three days after the report of the Plenary of the Workersâ Party of Korea Committee had stated that nuclear weapons were the ultimate deterrent and self-defence measure rather than a bargaining chip, as part of the announcement of the byungjin line (KCNA 2013h). North Korea also used the UN General Assembly to engage in nuclear brinkmanship. Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs Pak in September 201326 and Minister of Foreign Affairs Ri in September 201427 and October 201528 explained that North Korea saw the need for a nuclear programme due to US alleged hostility. In October 2015, Ri went as far as to explicitly mention that nuclear testing was necessary for this reason. North Korea would finally conduct its fourth nuclear test in January 2016 (KCNA 2016c). It was North Koreaâs biggest test until then, and meant that Kim Jong Un had conducted as many tests in the four years since he had taken office as his father had done during his seventeen years in power.
Pyongyang also engaged in other types of brinkmanship. Most notably, Pyongyang considerably increased the number and frequency of its missile tests throughout this period. In fact, both 2014 and 2015 witnessed a record number of annual North Korean missile tests including medium-range ballistic missiles.29 In particular, Pyongyang tested two medium-range Nodong missiles in March 2014. This was the first test of medium-range missiles since 2009 (Choe 2014). This test came just a few hours after the USA, South Korea and Japan had met to discuss North Koreaâs nuclear programme. The message was that Pyongyang would not cease its missile brinkmanship in spite of multilateral pressure. Indeed, all these tests were in violation of UN Security Council sanctions. But this did not deter North Korea from accelerating development of its missile programme, to the extent that, in the three-year period between 2013 and 2015 alone, Pyongyang conducted more tests than during the whole Kim Jong Il era. Moreover, Kim Jong Un was more strategic than his father with regard to the missile programme. He understood that failed tests were necessary to improve it, so he would not punish those responsible for failures like his father often did.30
In addition, North Korea also used cyber warfare as a new form of brinkmanship. The General Bureau of Reconnaissance, especially the Command Automation Department and the Enemy Disintegration Department, all controlled by the National Defence Commission, regularly launched cyberattacks to steal information, block websites and paralyse systems, steal money from financial firms and commit other illegal activities strengthening North Korea or undermining third countries such as the USA and South Korea (Boo 2017).
The best-known example of North Koreaâs cyber warfare during this period was the Sony hack in November 2014.
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